INTRODUCTION: THEOPHYLLINE has different interactions with calcium antagonists. Significant interactions between THEOPHYLLINE and diltiazem and to a lesser degree verapamil have been demonstrated, however, no data are available on the interaction between THEOPHYLLINE and nifedipine. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nifedipine therapy on THEOPHYLLINE pharmacokinetics.METHODS: In order to investigate the effects of nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics of THEOPHYLLINE, intravenous aminophylline (400 mg) was administered to six healthy male nonsmokers prior to, and following 12 days of oral nifedipine therapy (30 mg/day). Liver and kidney function tests were performed to exclude subjects with hepatic or renal dysfunction. In addition, subjects receiving medications that could influence hepatic function or those known to inhibit or stimulate THEOPHYLLINE metabolism were excluded.RESULTS: THEOPHYLLINE half-life increased significantly (36%)whereas total body clearance showed a significant decrease following nifedipine therapy (23%). THEOPHYLLINE volume of distribution was changed.DISCUSSION: Inhibition of THEOPHYLLINE metabolism by nifedipine can partly explain significant changes in THEOPHYLLINE pharmacokinetics. A clinically important

BACKGROUND: Few studies compared the efficacy of THEOPHYLLINE with N-acetylcysteine or evaluated the efficacy of combination therapy in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). We compared the efficacy of THEOPHYLLINE, N-acetylcysteine, and the combination of these agents in the prevention of CIN.METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 96 patients referring consecutively to the Shahid Chamran University Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, for elective coronary angiography (with our without angioplasty). Patients with at least moderate risk for CIN were included and were randomized to receive THEOPHYLLINE (200 mg), N-acetylcysteine (600 mg), or THEOPHYLLINE+N-acetylcysteine, twice a day, from 24 h before to 48 h after administration of the contrast material. A non-ionic, low-osmolar contrast material was used. Serum creatinine was measured before and 48 h after contrast material injection.RESULTS: Serum creatinine was increased by 6.83±15.32% with THEOPHYLLINE, 13.09±14.63% with N-acetylcysteine, and 5.45±13.96% with THEOPHYLLINE+N-acetylcysteine after contrast material injection (between group P=0.072). Controlling for Mehran risk score, baseline serum creatinine, and contrast volume, the change in serum creatinine level was lower with THEOPHYLLINE compared with N-acetylcysteine (F=4.79, P=0.033), and with THEOPHYLLINE+ N-acetylcysteine compared with N-acetylcysteine (F=5.78, P=0.020). CIN (increase in creatinine of³0.5 mg/dl or³25% from the baseline) was occurred in 20%, 21.9%, and 7.1% of patients in the THEOPHYLLINE, N-acetylcysteine, and THEOPHYLLINE+N-acetylcysteine groups, respectively (P=0.260).CONCLUSION: THEOPHYLLINE is superior to N-acetylcysteine in preventing contrast-induced renal dysfunction, but the combination with N-acetylcysteine is not superior to THEOPHYLLINE alone in this regard. Further trials with larger sample of patients are warranted.

Introduction: Cisplatin is a potent and a major antineoplastic drug in the treatment of a broad spectrum of malignancies. However, its clinical use is limited by renal tubular dysfunction that occurs in significant percent of patients and aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of THEOPHYLLINE in prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.Methods: The trial design was prospective, randomized, double blinded and placebo controlled.Chemotherapic patients who were received Cisplatin at a dosage of at least 50 mg/m2 alone or combined with other chemotherapy agent were included in the study. We randomizely divided our patients in two groups. In group 1 (n=38), placebo was advised; in group 2 (n=38), patients received 4 mg/kg Aminophylline as an intravenous loading dose, followed by THEOPHYLLINE in a dose of 200 mg three times daily orally, for 4 consecutive days.Results: In overall 76 patients were included in the study. Thirty-eight patients were selected as placebo group (group 1, 22 males and 16 females) and 38 ones as theophyline group (group 2, 26 males and 12 females). The mean age and mean dose of Cisplatine were 51 ± 17.6 years and 86.71 ± 43.18 mg, respectively. The prevalence of Cisplatine nephrotoxicity in group 1 and 2 were 7.9% and 5.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference between them (P>.05). There also were no significant association between Cisplatine nephrotoxicity and different age (P=.1), males and females (p=0.64) and mean dose of Cisplatine (P=.8).Conclusions: These results indicate that prophylactic application of Aminophylline and THEOPHYLLINE has not a protective effect against Cisplatin nephrotoxicity.

In this work, three dimensional NiO nanowrinkles (3D NiO-NWs) were prepared and used as electrode materials to modify the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (3D NiO-NWs/GCE). Then, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CHA) were employed to determine the electrochemical response of THEOPHYLLINE on as-fabricated sensor. The electrochemical THEOPHYLLINE oxidation was elevated on the modified electrode. The peak current on the modified electrode in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, 0.1 M, pH=7.0) showed a linear elevation with an increase in the THEOPHYLLINE concentration (0.1-900.0 µM), with a narrow detection limit of 0.03±0.001 µM.

Background: THEOPHYLLINE has been shown to cause heart anomaly in animal and human fetus.Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of quercetin on THEOPHYLLINE-induced heart disorders in rat embryo.Materials and Methods: THEOPHYLLINE-induced teratogenicity in rats was used as the animal model. Pregnant rats were administered THEOPHYLLINE (259 mg/kg, po) or THEOPHYLLINE plus quercetin (259 mg/kg, po and 100 mg/kg, ip, respectively) on 9th and 10th days of pregnancy. On day 19, cardiac changes were assessed, measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity levels in blood samples and also the fetus heart weight. Histopathological examination was also performed on all specimens.Results: THEOPHYLLINE-treated rats showed MDA level elevation and GPx activity reduction. Quercetin treatment improved heart conditions and resulted in a significant reduction in MDA levels and elevation in GPx activity. Moreover, co-administration of quercetin and THEOPHYLLINE increased the heart weight significantly. Furthermore, histophatological study showed no changes in the treated groups.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that quercetin have beneficial effects on THEOPHYLLINE-induced-anomalies in rat embryo.

Introduction: Recent studies have suggested THEOPHYLLINE for prevention of kidney dysfunction in asphyxia. This study was designed to determine whether THEOPHYLLINE could prevent or ameliorate kidney dysfunction in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia.Materials and Methods: We assigned 36 severely asphyxiated term infants (Apgar score£5) into 2 groups to receive intravenously a single dose of either THEOPHYLLINE (5mg/kg; n=17) or placebo (n=19) during their first 60 minutes of life. The 24-hour fluid intake and the urine volumes were recorded during the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days of life. Severe kidney dysfunction was defined as a serum creatinine level elevated up to more than 1.50 mg/dL for at least 2 consecutive days after a fluid challenge, or 0.3-mg/dL/d rising levels of serum creatinine.Results: On the 1st day, the 24-hour fluid balance was more positive in infants receiving placebo compared to infants receiving THEOPHYLLINE. Over the next few days, the change in fluid balance favored the THEOPHYLLINE group. Significantly higher serum creatinine values were recorded in the placebo group on the 3rd day. Severe kidney dysfunction was present in 2 infants of the THEOPHYLLINE group (11.7%) and in 8 (42.1%) of the controls. The glomerular filtration rate was markedly increased in the THEOPHYLLINE group. There was no difference in the severity of the asphyxia between the infants of the THEOPHYLLINE and control groups.Conclusions: Prophylactic THEOPHYLLINE, given early after birth, has beneficial effects on reducing kidney dysfunction in neonates with asphyxia.

Background: Contrast nephropathy will increase mortality up to 30% following angiographic procedures. Adenosine is a crucial mediator of contrast-induced nephropathy. The purpose of this study was to  investigate whether the adenosine antagonist THEOPHYLLINE reduces the incidence of CN after coronary angiography. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial study, carried out from February 2004 to September 2005 at the Fatemeh Zahra Hospital, 70 patients who were undergoing coronary angiography were divided into two groups. Case group (n=35) received oral THEOPHYLLINE 200 mg bid. 24 h before and for 48 h after angiography. The control group (n=35) received placebo. Serum Na+, K+, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured before and after angiography. Results: In the case group there were no significant change in serum creatinine (0.90±0.7 vs. 0.92±0.3 mg/dl), BUN (17.76±7.8 vs. 19.35±9.6 mg/dl), GFR (83.01±26.7 vs. 81.36±24.9 ml/min) Na+ (139.08±3.6 vs. 138.54±2.7 mEq/l) and K+ (4.30±0.4 vs. 4.19±0.3 mEq/l). In the control group, there was a significant fall in GFR after angiography (86.10±34.8 vs. 80.7±30.4 ml/min, P=0.03). Following angiography, there were no significant difference in serum creatinine, BUN, GFR, Na+ and K+ level between the two groups. None of the patients in either group faced contrast induced nephropathy. Conclusion: THEOPHYLLINE does not appear to add a protective role in preventing against contrast induced nephropathy in patients undergoing angiographic procedures.